A new report from Deakin University has highlighted the critical role that wetland environments play in capturing and storing carbon.

For centuries, wetlands were considered nothing more than boggy swamps. But scientists at Deakin University’s Blue Carbon Lab — who are at the forefront of global efforts to advance “blue carbon” science — have found that Australia’s wetlands are thriving sites of carbon storage. These ecosystems act as carbon sinks, trapping carbon to effectively reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations that contribute to climate change.

So, wetlands are not only one of the most productive ecosystems in the world — they are among the best nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change.

“Wetlands have a natural capacity to buffer communities against the adverse effects of climate change and can increase climate resilience,” Dr Paul Carnell, from Blue Carbon Lab, explained.

Until recently, investigations of the capacity of wetlands to store carbon have focused on coastal, or “blue carbon”, wetlands. But in fact, recent estimates identify freshwater swamps, marshes and peatlands as major stores of terrestrial carbon.

“While a lot is known about how trees suck up and store carbon, freshwater wetlands are actually capable of storing in their soils 30 to 40 times more carbon than forests,” Dr Carnell said.

“Freshwater wetlands contain almost a third of the terrestrial soil carbon pool, despite only occupying eight per cent of the land surface, which is pretty amazing.

“In Victoria alone, freshwater wetlands lock away substantial amounts of carbon — estimated at three million tonnes of CO2 equivalents per year. This is the equivalent to annual emissions produced by over 185 000 people, or roughly three per cent of the state’s population.”

The Murray Wetland Carbon Storage Project is one of Australia’s most comprehensive investigations of freshwater wetland carbon stocks to date. The six-year initiative has been a collaboration among landowners, scientists, community and government agencies to rehabilitate wetlands and measure their carbon storage capacity.

When wetlands become degraded through changes in land use and water flow, they stop being carbon sinks and instead begin to release much of their stored carbon. Rehabilitation efforts are designed to maximise the carbon capture capacity of wetlands and minimise release of greenhouse gases.

Through this program, landowners across Victoria and New South Wales restored 3750 hectares of freshwater wetlands. Scientists from the Blue Carbon Lab monitored the progress of the wetlands with help from the local Catchment Management Authorities, Murray Local Land Services, and the Murray Darling Wetlands Working Group. Research included taking soil samples, measuring greenhouse gases and surveying vegetation.

Dr Carnell emphasized the uniqueness of the project: “While we know that wetland restoration can enhance ecosystem services such as biodiversity, this project focused on quantifying the gains from carbon capture,” he said.

The research found that the rehabilitation of freshwater wetlands through works such as fencing and revegetation can result in a significant increase in carbon storage over time. Soil carbon stocks from the top layers tend to improve regardless of the history and environmental characteristics of the wetland (such as previous land-use, soil type, frequency of inundation, and elevation). This means that wetland rehabilitation is highly beneficial and can improve the ability of a site to capture and store carbon.

Jo and Peter Rayner, a farming family in Walla Walla, New South Wales, own a 12 hectare wetland that gained new life, thanks to the project.

“The preliminary estimates from this particular wetland show that rehabilitation has led to an offset of 2.6 tonnes of CO2-equivalent emissions per hectare, per year,” Dr Carnell said.

The project has provided promising experimental evidence of the capacity of freshwater wetlands to store carbon, and Dr Carnell hopes it can lead the charge in a national assessment of the carbon storage value of all of Australia’s wetlands.

Wetlands are not currently included in Australia’s national carbon policies because scientists and policymakers have lacked an understanding of their climate contribution.

“Not having this knowledge about the carbon storage capabilities of wetland regions has meant that we’ve been unable to include wetlands in greenhouse gas inventories and carbon offset initiatives,” Dr Carnell said.

“Until now, important economic, social and environmental values of these wetlands have not been well recognised in the broader community or fully considered in development planning and decision-making. But with the results of this project, we can justify the application of improved management strategies.”

Dr Carnell said it was critical to properly protect and manage the freshwater wetlands we have left. The project shows that working directly with landowners to rehabilitate wetlands can significantly enhance their capacity to capture carbon. And increasing our understanding of how wetlands help regulate greenhouse gas emissions can positively influence climate action nationally.

Victoria’s system of 200 state game reserves ostensibly protects more than 75 000 ha of these important ecosystems — an area equivalent in size to that of the Alpine National Park.

A 2016 audit by the Game Management Authority revealed a number of management challenges and deficiencies. Neighbouring landholder encroachment, in the form of livestock grazing, cropping, firewood collection and rubbish dumping was prevalent and evident on 48 per cent of reserves.

Ninety per cent of state game reserves have no infrastructure (excluding fencing and signage). Water control structure/s exist on 23 reserves, 20 of which could be utilised for water delivery to the reserve.

Work has been completed under the Sustainable Hunting Action Plan to improve access to state game reserves through signage, and a trial program is currently under way to improve state game reserve habitat.

The Australian Deer Association led a project that planted more than 45 000 native trees at the Clydebank Morass State Game Reserve, transforming the reserve from neglected former farmland and improving habitat, water quality and the general experience for hunters and other tourists.

The Deakin University work underscores the ‘triple bottom line’ benefits of investing in and improving these iconic oases.